A very useful behavior when you combine the optional marker with an embedded expression is as follows: if the embedded expression evaluates to null - the JSON key (or XML element or attribute) will be deleted from the payload (the equivalent of remove). Karate is a great fit for testing GraphQL because of how easy it is to deal with dynamic and deeply nested JSON responses. Reading files is achieved using the built-in JavaScript function called read(). Though not really recommended, you can have multiple Scenario-s within a Feature tagged with @setup. It was first mentioned on Thoughtworks Technology Radar in April 2019 as a language/framework to assess. During variable creation, the gherkin keyword is optional. You can even create (or modify existing) JSON arrays by using multiple columns. Karate tool was developed by Peter Thomas in 2017. The answer is no. For example a lot of Java projects directly (or indirectly) depend on Netty or Thymeleaf or ANTLR, etc. There are multiple Karate API testing examples we are going to show you in this series. In rare cases, you may want to check what the type of the response is and it can be one of 3 different values: json, xml and string. 'test1.feature', * def result = responseStatus == 404 ? They seamlessly fit in-line within your test script. """, # use dynamic path expressions to mutate json, * def filename = zone == 'zone1' ? Here are some example assertions performed while scraping a list of child elements out of the JSON below. Note that Karate will fail the test if the waitUntil() returned false - even after the configured number of re-tries were attempted. If you are new to programming or test-automation, refer to the options for IDE support and the official IntelliJ plugin is recommended. Since a SOAP request needs special handling, this is the only case where the method step is not used to actually fire the request to the server. You get to choose how to manage your environment-specific configuration values such as user-names and passwords. Here below is an example that also demonstrates using the multipart/related content-type. The parameters that you can optionally customize via the Map argument to the pdf() method are documented here: Page.printToPDF . { id: { domain: "DOM", type: "entityId", value: "#ignore" }, And each element of the returned array will be the envelope of variables that resulted from each iteration where the *.feature got invoked. A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. When targeting a W3C WebDriver implementation, either as a local executable or Remote WebDriver, you can specify the JSON that will be passed as the payload to the Create Session API. Note that it is a map of lists so you will need to do things like this: And just as in the responseCookies example above, you can use match to run complex validations on the responseHeaders. Here is an example: You can see the structure of the data here: kittens.json. Note how Karate is able to resolve a relative path to an actual OS file-path behind the scenes. You also have the option of setting multiple cookies in one-step using the cookies keyword. For teams familiar with or currently using REST-assured, this detailed comparison of Karate vs REST-assured - can help you evaluate Karate. Here is an example of what is possible: Not something you would commonly use, but in some cases you need to disable Karates default behavior of attempting to parse anything that looks like JSON (or XML) when using multi-line / string expressions. In the case of the call of a JavaScript function, you can also pass a JSON array or a primitive (string, number, boolean) as the solitary argument, and the function implementation is expected to handle whatever is passed. JavaScript Functions are also native. There is also a variant of Scenario called Scenario Outline along with Examples, useful for data-driven tests. } So you can compare 2 JSON (or XML) payloads if you wanted to: If you are wondering about the finer details of the match syntax, the Left-Hand-Side has to be either a. returns the last HTTP response as a JS object that enables advanced use-cases such as getting a header ignoring case: returns the last HTTP request as a JS object that enables advanced use-cases such as getting a header ignoring case: get metadata about the currently executing, sets the value of a variable (immediately), which may be needed in case any other routines (such as the, where the single argument is expected to be a, only needed when you need to conditionally build payload elements, especially XML. In this post, we have covered Karate Framework for API Testing with GET, POST, PUT Method. can be specified like this: A special variable called Key will be available and you can see all the possible key codes here. Here is an interesting example where a JavaScript event can be triggered on a given HTML element: When starting with _, the ES6 arrow function syntax is also supported. Refer to the documentation for cookie for details and how you can disable this if need be. You can easily assert that all expected elements are present, even in nested parts of your JSON - while doing a match on the full payload. Assuming the above code is in a file called my-headers.js, the next section on calling other feature files shows how it looks like in action at the beginning of a test script. If you want to pretty print a JSON or XML value with indenting, refer to the documentation of the print keyword. You normally never need to use this in a test, Karate will close the browser automatically after a Scenario unless the driver instance was created before entering the Scenario. A callonce is ideally used for only pure JSON. This form of waitUntil() is very useful for waiting for some HTML element to stop being disabled. The csv and yaml types can be initialized in-line using the triple quote or docstring multi-line approach as shown here. Make sure you configure your source code management system (e.g. # this can be a global re-usable function ! Note that for. if an API needs to be called to get a JSON array, you can call a separate Scenario to set up this data. This can be easily achieved with the following tweak to your maven section. Some third-party report-server solutions integrate with Karate such as ReportPortal.io. "arr": [ You will often need to move steps (for e.g. While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. When the level is DEBUG the entire request and response payloads are logged. You can even mix this into mouse() actions. It is based on Cucumber and uses the Gherkin Syntax. The BDD syntax with Cucumber is launguage neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. What is Robot Class in Selenium and How to Use it? The call keyword provides an alternate way of calling JavaScript functions that have only one argument. For example look at how creator has been defined in the Background in this example, and used later in a call statement. So the above could be re-written as follows: It is worth repeating that the above can be condensed into 2 lines. It works with Gherkin language, and It is easy for even non-programmers. For some SPAs (Single Page Applications) the detection of a page load may be difficult because page-navigation (and the browser history) is taken over by JavaScript. An additional-level of auto-conversion happens when objects cross the boundary between JS and Java. let's see few examples below: Locating an element using ID of the element And input ('#user-name',UIApp_username) And input ('#password',UIApp_password) Locating an element using CSS of the element From a file in the same package. The usage of karate.write() here is just an example, you can use JS or Java interop as needed. For placeholder-substitution, the replace keyword can be used instead, but with the advantage that the text can be read from a file or dynamically created. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. The unified use of Karate test-doubles means that you can script dynamic responses and handle incoming URL, query-string and header variations. The most important part of this payload is the capabilities. The first four below are best explained in this example file: type-conv.feature. You can experiment for yourself (probably depending on the size of your test-automation team) if this leads to any appreciable benefits, because the down-side is that you need to keep switching between 2 files - when writing and maintaining tests. The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. All you need is available in the karate-core artifact. Keep in mind that the start-up configuration routine could have already initialized some variables before the script even started. In other words, { a: 1, b: null } is considered equal to { a: 1 } and { a: 1, b: '##null' } will match both cases. or anything wrapped in parentheses which will be evaluated as JavaScript - e.g. karate.appendTo(vals, y); var SimpleDateFormat = Java.type('java.text.SimpleDateFormat'); { Else the Runner.path() builder API is the same, refer the description above for JUnit 4. The classpath is a Java concept and is where some configuration files such as the one for logging are expected to be by default. When you use a JUnit runner - after the execution of each feature, an HTML report is output to the target/karate-reports folder and the full path will be printed to the console (see video). created: { on: "#ignore" }, Variables set using def in the Background will be re-set before every Scenario. Embedded expressions are useful when you have complex JSON read from files, because you can auto-replace (or even remove) data-elements with values dynamically evaluated from variables. These examples (all exact matches) can make things more clear: Note that you can alternatively use JsonPath on the left-hand-side: But of course it is preferable to match whole objects in one step as far as possible. But there is an elegant way you can specify a default value using the karate.get() API: A word of caution: we recommend that you should not over-use Karates capability of being able to re-use features. Powerful JSON & XML declarations are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. The results of the first call are cached, and any future calls will simply return the cached result instead of executing the JavaScript function (or feature) again and again. The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. Path parameter: After defined the URL we need to mention the path to send the request. Also see this thread. Below is a simple example that will compare a baseline image to a more recent latest image. This can be done via the maven-surefire-plugin configuration. This is best explained with an example. The example below shows the difference between embedded expressions and enclosed JavaScript: So how would you choose between the two approaches to create JSON ? For advanced users, note that tags and the karate.env environment-switch can be linked using the special environment tags. Observe how using JSON for parameter-passing makes things super-readable. Note that there is a top-level config flag for headless mode. Note that the parser is lenient so that you dont have to enclose all keys in double-quotes. The rest can also be used even in primitive data matches like so: If two cross-hatch # symbols are used as the prefix (for example: ##number), it means that the key is optional or that the value can be null. political education Step 4: Run this feature file and get the report in target > karate-reports > karate-summary.html. A plain CSS selector wont work - but you can do this: The filter function above, will be called for each Element - which means that you can call methods on it such as Element.attribute(name) in this case. If your XPath is dynamic and has to be formed on the fly perhaps by using some variable derived from previous steps, you can use the karate.xmlPath() helper: You can refer to this file (which is part of the Karate test-suite) for more XML examples: xml-and-xpath.feature. if you want to conditionally stop a test with a descriptive error message, e.g. When a constant value keeps on repeating replace it with a variable. You can selectively re-direct some HTTP requests that the browser makes - into a Karate test-double ! Keep in mind that you should be able to comment-out a Scenario or skip some via tags without impacting any others. Get method in HTTP is used to read or access data or information. A Karate test script has the file extension .feature which is the standard followed by Cucumber. Note that regex escaping has to be done with a double back-slash - for e.g: '#regex a\\.dot' will match 'a.dot'. It was first published by Peter Thomas in early 2017, and it gained traction pretty fast. : * param myparam = 'value' or url: * url 'http://example.com/v1?myparam'. This is very useful for bulk-scraping data out of the HTML (such as
rows) - which you can then proceed to use in match assertions: See Function Composition for another good example. This can be a huge time-saver ! you can use pure JsonPath expressions (notice how this is different from the above), # and even append to json arrays (or create them automatically), # and for match - the order of keys does not matter, # you can ignore fields marked with '#ignore', # you can even set whole fragments of xml, """ Keywords such as set and remove allow you to to tweak payload-data to fit the scenario under test. The final piece of the puzzle is to set up a batch file to start the server: The exec is important here so that Karate can stop the node process cleanly. Values such as ReportPortal.io dynamic path expressions to mutate JSON, * filename. Karate-Core artifact example look at how creator has been defined in the will... Example: you can selectively re-direct some HTTP requests that the above could be re-written as follows it! 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