Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. Before Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Nurse Educ Today. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Bull World Health Organ. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. 4th ed. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. PubMed Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. Prev Chronic Dis. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. . Epidemiological triad includes Environment, Agent & host. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Germs cause disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. New York: Wiley; 1978. Methods for Cross-Cultural Communication in Clinic Encounters. Mesfin H. Kahissay. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Qualitative content analysis was used. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . According to this theory, the human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Philosophy. 12. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. Epub 2022 Apr 6. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. statement and Biomedical health care institutions and policies often do not recognize the important role indigenous ill-health beliefs and medicinal knowledge plays in rural health care, especially in developing countries. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. The discoveries of Pasteur and Koch confirmed the germ theory of disease. Google Scholar. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. Theories of Disease causation 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Epub 2015 Feb 10. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. Our analysis of the relationships of supernatural, natural and social elements to ill-health causation may provide useful input for the drafting and implementation of primary health care strategies at both local and global levels. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Gender-based violence is a key factor . If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. PMC Constructing evidence within the qualitative project. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Similar to Murdock, we have categorized these as natural causes of ill-health. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. EMJ. Creswell JW. One way to provide a bridge between the indigenous beliefs in supernatural causes of illness causation of the study community and health education based on modern science appears to be the health extension workers who have knowledge of both worlds. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Principal Scientist & Act. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. In contrast a stable home and family was seen as an important contributor to health. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. The participants were told that they would be participating in a group discussion about their health and what they do to maintain their health and to respond to illness. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Meadows LM, Morse JM. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Click here to review the details. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Another example is the initiation of men by the Abegar, a name given to male community opinion leaders who are regarded as human agents who invoke the cult as the instigator of ill-health. BMC Public Health 1983;17(16):120511. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Bareilly, UP, India. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. This . Theories of Disease January 20, 2022 by Sagar Aryal A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs and symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury is called a disease. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. Article Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Terms and Conditions, Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. Ali A. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. Altern Ther Health Med. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. These two ideas were fully appreciated . The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. Article Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. J Genet Couns. Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. Park, K. (n.d.). For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. 2022 Apr;10(4):893-900. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.010. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. The .gov means its official. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. 2003;9(6):649. Google Scholar. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. 2nd ed. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. The practice of epidemiology. Disobeying elders causes ailment. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Negative correlation is when an increase in A leads to a decrease in B or vice versa. Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. New York: The Free Press; 1994. Ethiop J Health Dev. Peterson DR. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Personalistic Causes Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. Made with by Sagar Aryal. In Step 1, age was entered. 8600 Rockville Pike The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. Social Research Methods. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Similarly, a theoretical approach initially used to frame and subsequently to interpret the data from this study allowed for a more thorough explanation of beliefs and perceptions of illness causation. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. The common types of diseases in Nigeria are; Malaria Malaria is a risk for 97% of Nigeria's population. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. This study was carried out in ado-odo/ota lga, with a sample size of 203. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. We've updated our privacy policy. The SlideShare family just got bigger. 36 0 obj <> endobj Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. GERM THEORY Germ theory: Microbes (germs) were found to be the cause for many known diseases. Lidell C, Barrett L, Bydawell M. Indigenous representations of illness and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. In: StatPearls [Internet]. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. MeSH Part of We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. WHO. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Antonitto A. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. By using this website, you agree to our Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Accessibility Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. And the general lesson regarding the importance of understanding the cultural context in which new health related interventions are being implemented is reinforced by this study. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. In: Nichter M, editor. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. The site is secure. Soc Sci Med. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. 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