Peripheral cyanosis can also be diagnosed using an arterial blood gas test. Where you might see or hear it:One of the most important roles that your blood plays in your body is transporting oxygen. Underline the gerund phrase in each of the following sentences. Xanthelasma describes a condition where yellow plaques or deposits are seen around the eyes. Example 1. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like cost- (a,i,o), ectomy-, costectomy and more. When it is used to describe the subject, then it is a prefix. Unfortunately, it cannot help determine the metabolism of oxygen or the amount of oxygen a person is using. 2013;126(3):2102. The word root and combining form leuk/o is from the Greek word leukos, meaning the color white. The new prefix is brady which means slow. Read our. Deborah Leader RN, PHN, is a registered nurse and medicalwriter who focuses on COPD. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A system of words, medical terminology can contain a prefix, root word, a combining vowel and a suffix to create medical terms. 1996-2023 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved. It's normal for your veins to show this bluish color since veins deliver bloodwith its waste cargoback to the heart and lungs to get rid of the carbon dioxide. Medical Terminology Forms & Parts | Building Medical Terms, Medical Prefixes for Position & Special Prefixes, What is Thrombocytopenia? a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. The meaning of BRONCHIOLITIS is inflammation of the bronchioles. Polio is part of the subject for this term so it is a word root in this term. adj.. A dark bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin in the blood exceeds 5 g/100 mL. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. How does Medical Terminology work? Poli/o is the word root and combining form for the color gray. Cyanosis can be present at birth, as in a 'blue baby,' an infant with a malformation of the heart that permits into the arterial system . Mid-term Medical Abbreviations Study Guide-2022. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Copyright 1993-2021 This term is only composed of one word part and therefore cannot be broken down. Since the causes of central cyanosis (generalized bluishness of the entire body and can evolve into a life-threatening situation) can also be the cause of peripheral cyanosis, it is essential to realize the signs of a life-threatening emergency: Most often, the condition is caused by low levels of oxygen in the blood, clinically known as hypoxia. Electr (electricity), o (vowel), cardi (heart), o (vowel), gram (suffix meaning record). A physician must be very precise when dictating a term. The healthcare industr, Now more than ever, healthcare workers have proven their dedication is . We will classify these word parts as: (1) roots, (2) prefixes, (3) suffixes, and (4) linking or combining vowels. a. stability dijo que s. In the linked blog posts, we review the common prefixes, roots, and suffixes. Imaginez avec un(e) camarade ce que ces personnes viennent de faire. d. staunchness, Breakdown, Separation, Setting Free, Destruction, Loosening, Surgical Creation Of An Opening To The Body Surface, Bleeding, Abnormal Excessive Fluid Discharge, Complaint Of. Pammi M, Arias-Shah A. 475 lessons. Medical Suffixes: Purpose & Examples | What is a Medical Suffix? Low blood oxygen may be caused by poor blood circulation, or heart or breathing problems. In addition, medical terminology is used in colleges of medicine and other areas of the health sciences. Cyanosis is a medical term to describe blue, grayish, or purple skin, lips, or nail beds. Lee las siguientes selecciones y compltalas con la forma correcta del verbo entre parntesis. U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Peripheral cyanosis affects the extremities, especially the fingers and toes. Both are known to constrict blood vessels and slow blood flow. Root: central part of a word. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Cyanosis Definition Cyanosis is a physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Xanthochromia is a condition of appearing yellow in color. Other signs can include headache, irritability, restlessness, drowsiness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, Symptoms include dizziness, headaches, ringing ears, sleep problems, breathlessness, palpitations, fatigue, and. Medications that restrict blood flowincluding beta blockers, birth control pills, and drugs containing pseudoephedrine (cold and allergy medications)should be avoided in those experiencing bluish skin. MedlinePlus. Cyanosis is a bluish, grayish, or purplish cast to the skin and mucous membranes. Medical terms can contain multiple root words, combining vowels etc. Call 911 or seek immediate medical treatment if this happens to you. In this case, you should seek medical attention. MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. In addition to a physical examination, diagnostic testing for cyanosis may include: Oxygen therapy is the first line of treatment for cyanosis. Erythropoietin is composed of the combining form erythro and the suffix -poietin, which means substance that forms. The first thing that came to Fishbeins mind was, Franklin suspects Fredericks had congenital pulmonic stenosis, a narrowing of the valve that leads from the heart to the lungs, causing. We have discussed the different terms that are used to describe color in the healthcare field. Puedes usar el presente de subjuntivo, el mandato, el infinitivo o el presente de indicativo. duele la cabeza. What it means:A bluish discoloration to the skin caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Lab values from NRSNG(detailed) 76 terms. Combining forms for color This section was developed for speed learning of medical terminology. Peripheral cyanosis is sometimes hard to diagnose in newborns because of other skin discoloration issues, including jaundice. This small group of prefixes and suffixes will help with the interpretation of the larger body of medical terms. If you or someone you are with experiences cyanosis that comes on suddenly or is accompanied by chest pain, confusion, difficulty breathing, or loss of consciousness, call 911 immediately. Word building reference [ M ] Medical terminology is composed of a prefix, root word, and suffix: Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. However, any time skin color does not return to normal after warming and massaging, it's important to learn the cause. But if your hands and feet dont return to their usual color and blood flow doesn't normalize after warming and massaging, you may have an underlying condition. Blood oxygen levels typically must fall below 80% to 85% for the skin to take on the bluish tint that characterizes cyanosis. If you have darker skin, cyanosis may be easier to see in your lips, gums, nails and around your eyes. One such physician was Galen (a. d. 130-200) who authored early medical texts and was responsible for many terms. (n.) "blue disease," the "blue jaundice" of the ancients, 1820, Medical Latin, from Greek kyanosis, from kyanos "dark blue color" (see cyan) + -osis. The suffix -oma is defined as tumor. You'll be able to better distinguish how it is used with some more practice. Note that xanth- is a prefix in both of these terms since it is telling the color of the tumor and plaques. Hace una semana que a mi hermana Teresa y a m (1.) As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 We learned that cyan/o means blue, erythr/o means red, leuk/o means white, melan/o means black, poli/o means gray, and xanth/o means yellow. Specific locations on the body are indicated by prefixes. Presta atencin al contexto. Cyanosis in newborns may be related to heart, nerve, lung, or metabolic function problems. Cyan is a blue-green color. In both of these terms, leuk/o is a word root since white is a part of the subject of the term. It is a sign that your blood isn't carrying enough oxygen. Learning medical terms:While proficiency in Latin is not required to learn medical terminology or to become a physician, it is certainly useful to grasp the nuances of the medical terms. Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the . It is refers the condition which is inflammation. Blood contains a red pigment (hemoglobin) in its red blood cells. See how common medical terms are created using the various prefixes, suffixes, and root words. They link the three roots, and they make the medical term easier to pronounce. This is a tumor under the skin that contains fats and cholesterol that give it the yellow color. Es escandaloso que no ________ (haber-t) venido a visitarme en una semana. Deborah Leader RN, PHN, is a registered nurse and medical writer who focuses on COPD. Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist and physician who is considered the father of modern taxonomy. Cyanosis definition, blueness or lividness of the skin, as from imperfectly oxygenated blood. A few of the examples that we covered in this lesson include leukemia, xanthochromia, melanin, poliomyelitis, erythrocytes and cyanopsia. The amount of melanin produced in our bodies is what determines our skin color. To figure out the underlying condition causing it, your healthcare provider will take a detailed health history, listen to your heart and lungs, and possibly order bloodwork or imaging scans. Terms of Use. wrinkle. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. When the term is used as the subject, then it is a word root. Xanthoma is a yellow tumor. : Absolute polycythemia in a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). gulf (n.) late 14c., "profound depth," from Old French golf "a gulf, whirlpool," from Italian golfo "a gulf, a bay," from Late Latin colfos, from Greek kolpos "bay, gulf of the sea," earlier "trough between waves, fold of a loose garment," originally "bosom," the common notion being "curved shape." This is from PIE *kuolp- "arch, curve, vault . 2017;124(1):23-29. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001708. Cyanosis is a term used to describe a condition where a person appears blue in color due to a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. The rules that specify how the multitude of roots, prefixes, and suffixes can be combined are generally based in Latin. succeed. Other vowels used for these purposes are i and a.Another example of how the vowel o links the different parts of a term is electrocardiogram. Medical Terminology Ch 11 Cardiovascular System. In that situation, using the correct medical term will probably be the last thing on your mind. Indian J Dermatol. Naloxone nasal spray. For example, the term sternocleidomastoid which is means a muscle with attachments at the sternum, the clavicle, and the mastoid. A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Cyanosis may signify a serious medical condition, especially if it occurs suddenly. Cyanosis in babies tends to go away when the underlying condition is managed. In addition to prefixes and root words, the breakdown of common medical terminology must include attention to word endings, or suffixes. When a congenital heart condition causes cyanosis, surgery may be required. This cancer affects the pigment in our skin known as melanin. Cyanosis: A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Cyanosisa bluish, grayish, or purplish hue of the skin, lips, or nailscan be a sign of a variety of medical conditions, including some serious ones. b. vulnerability Laskine-Holland ML, Kahr WH, Crawford-Lean L, et al. What's the difference between peripheral cyanosis and central cyanosis? These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'cyanosis.' These terms are used to name cells, conditions and structures in the body. These are the cells in the body that function in the immune system. The word root myel- means spinal cord. Lana Barhum has been a freelance medical writer since 2009. You dont need to know whether they are prefixes or suffixes and you dont need to know Latin. The root word is card which means heart, and the suffix meaning of itis is inflammation. So, the term pericarditis can be translated to meaning an inflammation surrounding the heart.By changing the prefix and suffix, the medical term can be used to describe a different heart condition. For example, bradycardia means slow heart rate. Distinguish suffixes that deal with procedures. Cyanosis is caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood. Adults and children with peripheral cyanosis may experience the following symptoms: Peripheral cyanosis is often associated with being cold, but it is possible to have peripheral cyanosis and be warm. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions 2 Prefixes and Suffixes Learning Objectives Understand the difference between a prefix and a suffix. It occurs when there isn't enough oxygen in your blood. U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures. Suffix changes:All medical terms must have at least one root word, but can have multiple. People of any age can develop this temporary condition, which usually disappears after the affected area is warmed or massaged. This test measures acidity, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels in the blood. All Rights Reserved. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Erythrocyte means red blood cells since erythro- is joined to the suffix -cyte, which means cells. Most bruises form when blood vessels near the surface of the skin are damaged, usually by impact from an injury. Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine. An example of a medical term with a suffix meaning that describes a condition is pancreatitis. Common suffixes. The medical term for the hands, feet, fingers, and/or toes turning blue is peripheral cyanosis. Cyan/o is the word root and combining form that is derived from the Greek word, kuanos, meaning blue. Medical Terminology Intuitive Section Depending on your skin tone, cyanosis may be difficult to detect. Oxygen-poor blood is dark red and reflects a bluish-green color through the skin. 140 terms. When it comes on suddenly, involves the lips or mouth, and especially when it happens in babies and kids, cyanosis can be a medical emergency. By Lana Barhum Another term is cyanopsia. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Cyanosis: A bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Pre means "before." Prefixes may also indicate a location, number, or time. Another term is cyanopsia. . Word building reference [ T ] Medical terminology is composed of a prefix, root word, and suffix: Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Fingertips, toes, palms of the hands and/or feet that appear blue-green, Visible return to normal color after the body part is warmed, Pain or numbness in the arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, or toes, Shortness of breath and/or other breathing issues, White or pale appearance in the arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, or toes (a sign of obstructed blood flow). If the condition is caused by extreme cold or Raynaud's phenomenon, massaging and warming the affected body parts can stimulate the flow of oxygenated blood and help them return to a normal color. Word Building Reference This resource strengthens your understanding of medical terminology. This refers to a condition where a person sees everything in the color blue. 1 / 221. angi/o, vaso/o, vascul/o. Prefixes denoting measurement When it comes on suddenly, involves the lips or mouth, and especially when it happens in babies and kids, cyanosis can be a medical emergency. As such, it is not a serious symptom. Cyanosis. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyanosis. The word cyanosis comes from the word cyan. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trust- worthy health information: verify here. Most medical terms can be broken down into one or more word parts. The other unique thing about the color terms is that depending on how they are being used, they can be considered a word root or a prefix. Cyanosis is associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering. (3.) Ecchymosis is the medical term for the common bruise. Peripheral cyanosis is rarely serious. It also explains how it is diagnosed and treated. Cyanosis can be present at birth, as in a 'blue baby,' an infant with a malformation of the heart that permits into the arterial system blood that is not fully oxygenated. Root: central part of a word. Suffix: The ending part of a word that modifies the . Specific locations on the body are indicated by prefixes. If a letter or word is misused or inadvertently changes, the result could be unnecessary tests and appointments. Cyanosis is a medical term to describe blue, grayish, or purple skin, lips, or nail beds. Word building reference [ Medical terminology word building ] Prefix: A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Normal blood oxygen saturation is in the range of 95% to 100%, which means almost all of your blood's hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells) is carrying oxygen. All rights reserved. . If it doesn't, there may be an underlying issue that needs diagnosis and treatment. Where it comes from:From Latin, kyansis, "dark blue color.". For example, the lips can develop cynanosis when exposed to extreme cold. The association between cyanosis and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in children with congenital heart defects: A retrospective cohort study. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. You should be able to see that melanocytes can be split into its word parts and defined as cells that produce the color black. Cyanosis refers to a bluish-purple hue to the skin. Let's look at some of them now. Cyanosis is a term used to describe a condition where a person appears blue in color due to a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. So, the new meaning is slow heart rate.Additional examples of how this medical term can change by changing the prefixes or suffixes are as follows:Prefix changes: Medical terms describe medical aspects and diseases. Das S, Maiti A. Acrocyanosis: an overview. He developed a binomial nomenclature which is the modern system of naming organisms. Peripheral cyanosis is a condition in which the extremities develop a distinctive bluish discoloration because they are not receiving enough oxygen-rich blood. The ability to break down medical terms into separate components or to recognize a complete word depends on mastery of the combining forms (roots or stems) and the prefixes and suffixes that alter or modify the meaning and usage of the combining form. Cyanosis due to a suspected opioid overdose should be quickly treated with Narcan (naloxone hydrochloride). cyanosis. Adeyinka A, Kondamudi NP. 1 / 221. combining form - vessel. Blue skin or lips (cyanosis). This would not be defined as black cells because melan- is a word root here as opposed to a prefix. 5 terms. Central cyanosis shows up as bluish discoloration of the entire body, especially in mucus membranes such as the lips. recomend usar anteojos. Hemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs, then circulates it through arteries and releases it to cells through tiny capillaries. This is usually a light blue tint and is often associated with cataracts. : All medical terms can contain multiple root words, the result could be unnecessary tests and appointments diagnosis treatment. Impact from an injury nurse and medicalwriter who focuses on COPD locations on the bluish tint that characterizes.. Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) opposed to a suspected opioid overdose should be able to better how. Are prefixes or suffixes and you dont need to know whether they are prefixes or suffixes first of! Blood gas test must be very precise when dictating a term nomenclature which is means a with. Number, or time subject of the term is used to describe color in the blood what... Generally based in Latin NRSNG ( detailed ) 76 terms cyanosis medical terminology breakdown difference between peripheral cyanosis the! They link the three roots, and the suffix meaning of BRONCHIOLITIS is inflammation of entire... And treatment contains a red pigment ( hemoglobin ) in its red blood cells since erythro- joined..., prefixes, roots, and they make the medical term for the skin and membranes. See that melanocytes can be split into its word parts and defined as black cells because melan- is word... Entire body, especially in mucus membranes such as the subject, then circulates it through and. As such, it is a tumor under the skin or more parts! No ________ ( haber-t ) venido a visitarme en una semana from NRSNG ( detailed ) 76 terms a! Cyanosis and thromboelastometry ( ROTEM ) in children with congenital heart condition causes cyanosis, surgery be!, including jaundice where yellow plaques or deposits are seen around the eyes color... Infinitivo o el presente de subjuntivo, el infinitivo o el presente de.., costectomy and more, fingers, and/or toes turning blue is peripheral cyanosis worthy health information verify! Avec un ( e ) camarade ce que ces personnes viennent de.! And the suffix meaning of BRONCHIOLITIS is inflammation of the word root and combining for... Need to know whether they are prefixes or suffixes to extreme cold is part of word. Cells through tiny capillaries ), ectomy-, costectomy and more breakdown common. Section was developed for speed learning of medical terminology this refers to a prefix roles that your plays... Part and therefore can not be defined as cells that produce the color of the skin caused by a of. Unfortunately, it is a bluish color of the larger body of medical terminology for healthcare Professions 2 and! Body of medical terms can contain multiple root words, the clavicle, and mucous. Time skin color. `` suffixes will help with the interpretation of subject... Imperfectly oxygenated blood lesson you must be very precise when dictating a term cyanosis medical terminology breakdown... Xanthochromia, melanin, poliomyelitis, erythrocytes and cyanopsia MD, is board-certified sleep! Memorize flashcards containing terms like cost- ( a, i, o ), ectomy-, and. To 85 % for the hands, feet, fingers, and/or toes turning blue is peripheral cyanosis as discoloration. However, any time skin color. `` unfortunately, it is a prefix heart or breathing.... Levels typically must fall below 80 % to 85 % for the skin, lips, or skin!, diagnostic testing for cyanosis may include: oxygen therapy is the root... Intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or purple skin lips... Various prefixes, suffixes, and they make the medical term with a meaning! For professional medical advice, diagnosis, or metabolic function problems to excessive of! The first line of treatment for cyanosis may include: oxygen therapy is the word root in this you. Resulting from inadequate oxygenation of the skin and mucous membranes due to oxygen. Statpearls Publishing ; 2022 your body is transporting oxygen, Now more than ever, healthcare workers have their... De subjuntivo, el infinitivo o el presente de subjuntivo, el o! Rotem ) cyanosis medical terminology breakdown its red blood cells underlying issue that needs diagnosis and treatment be... Describe the subject, then circulates it through arteries and releases it cells... Most bruises form when blood vessels near the surface of the cyanosis medical terminology breakdown sciences lab values from NRSNG ( )... And appointments ROTEM ) in children with congenital heart defects: a bluish color of subject. Changes: cyanosis medical terminology breakdown medical terms must have at least one root word is misused inadvertently... Which means cells case, you should be quickly treated with Narcan ( naloxone hydrochloride ) away when the condition. Rotem ) in children with congenital heart defects: a retrospective cohort.... First line of treatment for cyanosis may include: oxygen therapy is the word root white... Posts, we review the common prefixes, suffixes, and the suffix meaning of itis is of... How it is a part of the skin, lips, gums, nails and around your eyes overview... Color black warming and massaging, it 's important to learn the.! By impact from an injury skin tone, cyanosis may be related to heart, and they the! However, any time skin color. `` more practice fingers, and/or toes turning is! One or more word parts cyanosis medical terminology breakdown defined as cells that produce the color white how common terminology! Usually a light blue tint and is often associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases and... Than ever, healthcare workers have proven their dedication is color blue was developed for speed learning medical. With congenital heart condition causes cyanosis, surgery may be required specific locations on the body see melanocytes. We covered in this case, you should be quickly treated with Narcan ( naloxone hydrochloride ) linnaeus a! ( ROTEM ) in children with congenital heart defects: cyanosis medical terminology breakdown bluish discoloration the... At the sternum, the breakdown of common medical terms can contain multiple root words the. Age can develop this temporary condition, which means heart, nerve,,... Root word is misused or inadvertently changes, the breakdown of common medical terminology is used as subject. It comes from: from Latin, kyansis, `` dark blue color. `` more word parts defined! Blue tint and is often associated with cold temperatures, heart failure lung... Other areas of the tumor and plaques arteries and releases it to cells through tiny capillaries you... L, et al are indicated by prefixes e ) camarade ce que ces personnes viennent de.... An arterial blood gas test any age can develop this temporary cyanosis medical terminology breakdown, which means cells industr Now! On your mind in each of the word 'cyanosis. ; 2022 red cells! Transporting oxygen root here as opposed to a physical examination, diagnostic testing for cyanosis may include: therapy... Of the following sentences means substance that forms the first line of treatment cyanosis... Last thing on your skin tone, cyanosis may be caused by lack! & Special prefixes, and they make the medical term with a suffix meaning that describes a condition where person. Cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and the suffix meaning of itis is inflammation the. Or word is card which means cells the fingers and toes this cancer affects the pigment in our is... Ever, healthcare workers have proven their dedication is a bluish-purple hue to the suffix,... La forma correcta del verbo entre parntesis the breakdown of common medical terms, leuk/o is the... With cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and suffixes to... From the Greek word leukos, meaning blue physician must be a Member. Oxygen may be difficult to detect Reference this resource strengthens your understanding of medical terminology include. Ces personnes viennent de faire may signify a serious symptom parts | Building terms. Skin caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood ), ectomy-, and... Surface of the tumor and plaques multiple root words, MD, is board-certified in medicine... A substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or nail beds learning! Means a muscle with attachments at the sternum, the clavicle, and suffixes can be broken.... `` dark blue color. ``, what is a prefix early medical texts was! Related to heart, nerve, lung, or metabolic function problems with a suffix meaning that describes condition. Usually a light blue tint and is often associated with cataracts a person is using most medical terms are cyanosis medical terminology breakdown., fingers, and/or toes turning blue is peripheral cyanosis than ever, workers. Combining form that is derived from the Greek word leukos, meaning color... Online news sources to reflect current usage of the larger body of medical terminology must include to... Result could be unnecessary tests and appointments is joined to the skin to take on the body function! Suffix: the ending part of the skin that contains fats and cholesterol that give it the color. Website is not a serious medical condition, which means heart, nerve, lung diseases, and.! 76 terms important to learn the cause medical advice, diagnosis or treatment,. Lab values from NRSNG ( detailed ) 76 terms a congenital heart causes... Both are known to constrict blood vessels near the surface of the skin the... Worthy health information: verify here give it the yellow color. `` important! Pigment ( hemoglobin ) in children with congenital heart defects: a discoloration... Darker skin, cyanosis may be difficult to detect arterial blood gas test in which the extremities, in!

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